[Consensus of diagnosis and treatment of obesity in women in reproductive age and climacterium]. / Consenso de diagnóstico y tratamiento de la obesidad en la mujer en edad reproductiva y en el climaterio.

BACKGROUND: The development of obesity is complex and multifactorial, with genetic, biological, environmental and lifestyle of each individual etiology. The different changes in metabolism of women, amongst other factors, lead to disorganization in the distribution of lipids, which gathered in large quantities within the viscera, increases cardiovascular mortality and it is a major determinant factor of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To homologate and to apply concepts of evidence-based clinical practice in diagnosis and treatment of obesity in women in reproductive age and climacterium. METHOD: The experts' consensus was done by specialized physicians properly endocrinologists, gynecologists, surgeons, psychologists, nutrition specialists, physical activity and public health, according to their expertise and clinical judgment. The recommendations were based in diagnostic criteria aside from the level of evidence of previously established treatment guidelines, controlled clinical trials and standardized guides for women in reproductive age and climacterium with obesity. RESULTS: The establishment of a nutritional intervention amongst other aspects of lifestyle is the first-line in the treatment of obesity. Current pharmacological treatments offer modest results in efficiency and security in weight reduction so these must go along with real changes in lifestyle in order to obtain better results in the short and long term. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in our country, especially in women in reproductive age, compels us to pose and work in prevention strategies as well as diverse therapeutic plans favoring safe weight loss and results in the long term.

Structured hypocaloric diet is more effective than behavioral therapy in reducing metabolic syndrome in Mexican postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the effects of a lifestyle intervention using a behavioral therapy (BT) approach with the effects of a cardioprotective structured hypocaloric diet on metabolic syndrome in Mexican postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study is a randomized clinical trial (2006-2009) of Mexican postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome (Adult Treatment Panel III criteria) who were recruited from the Postmenopause Clinic of the National Institute of Perinatology in Mexico City. Women were assigned to one of two groups--group 1 (structured hypocaloric diet; n = 63): energy restriction (-300 to -500 kcal/d) emphasizing cardioprotective dietary changes; and group 2 (BT; n = 55): goal setting, problem-solving, and stimulus control to achieve cardioprotective dietary and lifestyle recommendations. Metabolic syndrome prevalence, as well as weight, waist circumference, fat mass, and fasting biochemical markers (glucose and lipid profile), were measured at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 months after the intervention. Metabolic syndrome risk (relative risk and absolute risk reduction), mean differences between groups, and logistic regression were evaluated using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software, version 17.0. RESULTS: A total of 118 women were studied (mean [SD] age, 53.81 [6.43] y). No baseline differences were observed between groups. At the end of the study, a higher reduction in metabolic syndrome prevalence was observed in group 1 (-38.1%) compared with group 2 (-12.7%; relative risk, 0.237; 95% CI, 0.092-0.608; P = 0.003). The effect was maintained even when adjusted by age, hormone therapy and antihypertensive drug use. CONCLUSIONS: A cardioprotective structured hypocaloric diet is more effective than the BT approach in reducing metabolic syndrome after 6 months of intervention. Both strategies have positive effects on different individual cardiovascular risk factors.

Síndrome metabólico en menopausia: implicaciones de la terapia hormonal / Menopause syndrome: implications of hormone therapy

Introducción: La incidencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y síndrome metabólico en mujeres postmenopáusicas es de 35%. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la relación entre los diferentes parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos en pacientes con o sin terapia hormonal de reemplazo con síndrome metabólico. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio en una cohorte retrospectiva, con el análisis de casos de la Coordinación de Peri y Postmenopausia del Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes en el periodo comprendido entre 1998 y 2009; se incluyeron aquellas pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico. Las variables analizadas fueron: a) indicadores antropométricos; b) indicadores bioquímicos y c) niveles de tensión arterial. Se formaron dos grupos: pacientes con terapia de reemplazo hormonal (Grupo I) y el otro con pacientes sin terapia hormonal (Grupo II). El análisis estadístico se realizó dependiendo de la variable, con prueba de chi cuadrada y t de Student y se calculó OR (IC 95%). Resultados: Se incluyeron 310 casos; el Grupo I se conformó por 121 casos y el Grupo II por 189 casos. No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en relación a los índices antropométricos; de los indicadores bioquímicos, se encontraron diferencias en los valores de colesterol (p = 0. 024) y de la tensión arterial, las diferencias se encontraron en la diastólica con (p < 0.001) a favor de las pacientes que recibieron terapia hormonal de reemplazo. Se obtuvo un OR 5.27, IC 95% (2-13.87), para el Grupo II de presentar tensión arterial diastólica > de 90 mmHg. Conclusiones: Las pacientes con síndrome metabólico sin terapia hormonal tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar TAD > 90 mmHg y una tendencia a mantener rangos más elevados en el perfil de lípidos y mayor riesgo de desarrollar ECV, aunque la investigación sobre los diferentes factores de riesgo, así como las implicaciones de la terapia hormonal, aún son insuficientes para reconocer la dimensión del problema en el climaterio.

Introduction: The incidence of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome during the menopause is around 35%. The objective of this study was to establish the relation between anthropometric and biochemical values in those patients with metabolic syndrome with and without hormone replacement therapy during menopause. Methods: A retrospective cohort study with case analysis of the Coordination of Peri and Postmenopause at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes during the period between 1998 and 2009; the study included those patients with diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. The variables analyzed were: a) anthropometric, b) biochemical indicators and c) blood pressure levels, divided in two groups: patients with hormone replacement therapy (Group I) and patients without hormonal therapy (Group II). The statistical analysis were performed depending on the variable, with chi-square, Student t test and OR, CI (95%). Results: 310 cases were included: Group I, 121 cases and Group II 189 cases. There were no statistically significant differences on anthropometric and biochemical indicators, but significant differences in cholesterol (p=0.024) and diastolic blood pressure levels, were found (p <0.001) in patients receiving hormone replacement therapy. Group II had an OR 5.27, CI 95% (2-13.87) for diastolic blood pressure> 90 mmHg. Conclusions: Patients with metabolic syndrome without hormone replacement therapy have an increased risk for diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg and a tendency to maintain higher cholesterol levels and increasing the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, although research on the different risk factors, and the implications of hormone therapy, are still insufficient to recognize the scale of the problem in the climacteric woman.

Uso de antidepresivos para el tratamiento de los síntomas climatéricos: [revisión] / Using antidepressant drugs for treating menopausal symptoms: [review]

Introducción: los síntomas vasomotores se reportan con frecuencia durante la peri y posmenopausia, y afectan de forma importante la calidad de vida de las mujeres que los sufren. Los estrógenos continúan siendo el tratamiento de elección para estos síntomas, sin embargo, en algunas mujeres este tipo de tratamiento está contraindicado, mientras que otras mujeres simplemente no aceptan usarlo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es hacer una revisión de estudios clínicos que evalúan la eficacia de los antidepresivos en el tratamiento de los síntomas vasomotores. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed, EBSCO y Ovid. Se incluyeron artículos, publicados entre 2002 y 2011, de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, meta-análisis y revisiones sistemáticas que evaluaron la eficacia de fármacos antidepresivos en el tratamiento de síntomas vasomotores. Resultados: se observa que los antidepresivos ayudan a aliviar los síntomas vasomotores e inciden favorablemente en los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos propios del climaterio, tales como la irritabilidad, las alteraciones del sueño y la labilidad emocional. Los estudios en relación a la fisiopatología de los bochornos soportan la hipótesis de que los antidepresivos pueden ser útiles para su tratamiento. Dentro del grupo de medicamentos antidepresivos existe evidencia para el uso de sertralina, fluoxetina, citalopram y venlafaxina. Conclusión: el uso de antidepresivos puede ser útil en el tratamiento de los síntomas vasomotores relacionados con la menopausia. Debemos considerar aquellos que tengan un perfil farmacológico noradrenérgico y serotoninérgico...

Introduction: vasomotor symptoms are frequently reported during the peri and postmenopausal periods and drastically affect the quality of life of those women who suffer them. Estrogens continue being the treatment of choice for such symptoms; however, this type of treatment is contraindicated in some women, whilst other women simply refuse to use them. The present work was aimed at reviewing clinical studies which have evaluated antidepressant drugs’ effectiveness regarding the treatment of vasomotor symptoms. Materials and methods: Medline / PubMed, EBSCO, and Ovid databases were reviewed. Articles published between 2002 and 2011 were included, as were randomized clinical assays, metaanalyses and systematic reviews which evaluated antidepressant drugs’ effectiveness in treating vasomotor symptoms. Results: it was observed that antidepressants helped to alleviate vasomotor symptoms and had a favorable effect on neuropsychiatric symptoms related to the menopause, such as irritability, alterations in sleeping patterns and emotional ability. Studies regarding hot flushes’ physiopathology supported the hypothesis that antidepressants could be useful for treating them. Evidence regarding the group of antidepressant medicines suggested using sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram and venlafaxine. Conclusion: antidepressant drugs could be useful in treating menopause-related vasomotor symptoms; those having a noradrenergic and serotoninergic pharmacological profile should be considered...